what did sacco and vanzetti do

"[83], In 1921, most of the nation had not yet heard of Sacco and Vanzetti. Sacco and Vanzetti's supporters would later argue that the men fled the country to avoid persecution and conscription; their critics said they left to escape detection and arrest for militant and seditious activities in the United States. At that time, a first-degree murder conviction in Massachusetts was punishable by death. For their part, Sacco and Vanzetti seemed to alternate between moods of defiance, vengeance, resignation, and despair. [25], District Attorney Katzmann pointed out that Vanzetti had lied at the time of his arrest, when making statements about the .38 revolver found in his possession. The appeals were based on recanted testimony, conflicting ballistics evidence, a prejudicial pretrial statement by the jury foreman, and a confession by an alleged participant in the robbery. Vanzetti testified that he had been selling fish at the time of the Braintree robbery. They had radical. But you are guilty just the same. On May 18, 1928, a bomb destroyed the front porch of the home of executioner Robert Elliott. Responding to a massive influx of telegrams urging their pardon, Massachusetts governor Alvan T. Fuller appointed a three-man commission to investigate the case. They were followers of Luigi Galleani, an Italian anarchist leader with followers around the globe, who argued that governments were in league with oppressive wealthy businesses who exploited workers. [159][160] Their attorney William Thompson asked Vanzetti to make a statement opposing violent retaliation for his death and they discussed forgiving one's enemies. Sacco and vanzetti 45 imdb 7 0 1h 20min 2007 13 the story of nicola sacco and bartolomeo vanzetti two italian immigrant anarchists accused of murder and executed in boston in 1927 after a notoriously prejudiced trial During three weeks of hearings, Albert Hamilton and Captain Van Amburgh squared off, challenging each other's authority. [107][108][109], The defense filed a motion for a new trial based on the Medeiros confession on May 26, 1926. Webster Thayer again presided; he had asked to be assigned to the trial. Their case was widely seen as an injustice. In that conversation, in response to Sinclair's request for the truth, Moore stated that both Sacco and Vanzetti were in fact guilty, and that Moore had fabricated their alibis in an attempt to avoid a guilty verdict. [66] However, the shop books did not record the gun's serial number, and the caliber was apparently incorrectly labeled as .32 instead of .38-caliber. The state Supreme Court refused to upset the verdict, because at that time the trial judge had the final power to reopen a case on the grounds of additional evidence. During the Dedham trial's first week, Thayer said to reporters: "Did you ever see a case in which so many leaflets and circulars have been spread saying people couldn't get a fair trial in Massachusetts? Among the dozen or more violent acts was the bombing of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's home on June 2, 1919. Sacco and Vanzetti return to the United States. [198] Others who had known Tresca confirmed that he had made similar statements to them,[198] but Tresca's daughter insisted her father never hinted at Sacco's guilt. [101] The SJC returned a unanimous ruling on May 12, 1926, upholding Judge Thayer's decisions. [173] As late as 1932, Judge Thayer's home was wrecked and his wife and housekeeper were injured in a bomb blast. In 1936, on the day when Harvard celebrated its 300th anniversary, 28 Harvard alumni issued a statement attacking the University's retired President Lowell for his role on the Governor's Advisory Committee in 1927. [30][38] In 1921, a booby trap bomb mailed to the American ambassador in Paris exploded, wounding his valet. Celestino Medeiros, whose execution had been delayed in case his testimony was required at another trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, was executed first. [citation needed], Orciani was arrested May 6, but gave the alibi that he had been at work on the day of both crimes. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. On May 31, 1921, Nicola Sacco, a 32-year-old shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a 29-year-old fish peddler, went on trial for murder in Boston. "[181] On January 3, 1929, as Gov. Novelist John Dos Passos, who visited both men in jail, observed of Vanzetti, "nobody in his right mind who was planning such a crime would take a man like that along. Many historians, especially legal historians, have concluded the Sacco and Vanzetti prosecution, trial, and aftermath constituted a blatant disregard for political civil liberties, and especially criticize Thayer's decision to deny a retrial. [128][129], In 1926, a bomb presumed to be the work of anarchists destroyed the house of Samuel Johnson, the brother of Simon Johnson and garage owner that called police the night of Sacco and Vanzetti's arrest. [70][117] Goddard concluded that not only did Bullet III match the rifling marks found on the barrel of Sacco's .32 Colt pistol, but that scratches made by the firing pin of Sacco's .32 Colt on the primers of spent shell casings test-fired from Sacco's Colt matched those found on the primer of a spent shell casing recovered at the Braintree murder scene. Galleani published Cronaca Sovversiva (Subversive Chronicle), a periodical that advocated violent revolution, and a bomb-making manual called La Salute in voi! And they were executed for it, right here in Massachusetts, 87 years ago this week. [143], He also thought that the Committee, particularly Lowell, imagined it could use its fresh and more powerful analytical abilities to outperform the efforts of those who had worked on the case for years, even finding evidence of guilt that professional prosecutors had discarded. The first is a weatherproof poster that discusses the crime and the subsequent trial. Europe is not "retrying" Sacco and Vanzetti or anything of the sort. While a few others singled out Sacco or Vanzetti as the men they had seen at the scene of the crime, far more witnesses, both prosecution and defense, could not identify them. "[154] Supporters of the convicted men denounced the Committee. Many historians believe, however, that the two men should have been granted a second trial in view of their trials significant defects. Both left Italy for the US in 1908,[11] although they did not meet until a 1917 strike. Fuller left the inauguration of his successor, he found a copy of the Letters thrust at him by someone in the crowd. Lowell's appointment was generally well received, for though he had controversy in his past, he had also at times demonstrated an independent streak. Issue. [205], In 1973, a former mobster published a confession by Frank "Butsy" Morelli, Joe's brother. R. revolver police took from Vanzetti when they arrested him with Sacco on a Brockton streetcar on May 5, 1920. In a lengthy speech Vanzetti said:[137][138], I would not wish to a dog or to a snake, to the most low and misfortunate creature of the earth, I would not wish to any of them what I have had to suffer for things that I am not guilty of. 4244. [66][72] All six bullets recovered from the victims were .32 caliber, fired from at least two different automatic pistols. "[184] Governor Fuller endorsed the proposal in his January 1928 annual message. Vanzetti wrote, "I will try to see Thayer death [sic] before his pronunciation of our sentence" and asked fellow anarchists for "revenge, revenge in our names and the names of our living and dead. [40], Rather than accept court-appointed counsel, Vanzetti chose to be represented by John P. Vahey, a former foundry superintendent and future state court judge who had been practicing law since 1905, most notably with his brother James H. Vahey and his law partner Charles Hiller Innes. In October 1927, H. G. Wells wrote an essay that discussed the case at length. the prosecutor asked. [28] In rebuttal, two defense forensic gun experts testified that Bullet III did not match any of the test bullets from Sacco's Colt. Sacco was found to have an Italian passport, anarchist literature, a loaded .32 Colt Model 1903 automatic pistol, and twenty-three .32 Automatic cartridges in his possession; several of those bullet cases were of the same obsolescent type as the empty Winchester .32 casing found at the crime scene, and others were manufactured by the firms of Peters and Remington, much like other casings found at the scene. The panel's reading of the trial transcript convinced them that Thayer "tried to be scrupulously fair." [165] It has been alleged that some of these activities were organized by the Communist Party. The prosecution's firearms expert, Charles Van Amburgh, had re-examined the evidence in preparation for the motion. Nicola Sacco ( pronounced [nikla sakko]; April 22, 1891 - August 23, 1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti ( pronounced [bartolomo vantsetti, -dzet-]; June 11, 1888 - August 23, 1927) were Italian immigrant anarchists who were controversially accused of murdering Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parmenter, a guard and a paymaster, during the It is saying what it thinks of Judge Thayer. In May 1920 Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and accused of armed robbery on a shoe factory, during which a significant amount of money was stolen and two people were killed. It proposed a series of changes designed to appeal to both sides of the political divide, including restrictions on the number and timing of appeals. 265273; Young and Kaiser, pp. They included Heywood Broun, Malcolm Cowley, Granville Hicks, and John Dos Passos. [96][150] The Committee also heard from Braintree's police chief who told them he had found the cap on Pearl Street, allegedly dropped by Sacco during the crime, a full 24-hours after the getaway car had fled the scene. [185], The Judicial Council repeated its recommendations in 1937 and 1938. Instead, the judges considered only whether Thayer had abused his discretion in the course of the trial. [36][44][45][46] He was known to dislike foreigners but was considered to be a fair judge. [82] Anatole France, veteran of the campaign for Alfred Dreyfus and recipient of the 1921 Nobel Prize for Literature, wrote an "Appeal to the American People": "The death of Sacco and Vanzetti will make martyrs of them and cover you with shame. Socialists and radicals protested the mens innocence. "[155], Defense attorneys William G. Thompson and Herbert B. Ehrmann stepped down from the case in August 1927 and were replaced by Arthur D. Meanwhile, Van Amburgh bolstered his own credentials by writing an article on the case for True Detective Mysteries. It's so easy to say that you were didn't born. 257260; Tropp reproduces the original note Medeiros passed to Sacco in prison, Tropp, p. 34; on Medeiros's early life, see Russell. At first this brutal murder and robbery, not uncommon in post-World War I America, aroused only local interest. William David Sloan and Laird B. Anderson, eds., Philip Cannistraro, "Mussolini, Sacco-Vanzetti, and the Anarchists: The Transatlantic Context," in. [145], In their earlier appeals, the defense was limited to the trial record. [71] At the conclusion of the appeal hearings, Thayer denied all motions for a new trial on October 1, 1924. Their deaths, however, earned a front-page headline in. The two men were sentenced to death on April 9, 1927. They developed an alternative theory of the crime based on the gang's history of shoe-factory robberies, connections to a car like that used in Braintree, and other details. [76] The foreman explained that the shop was always kept busy repairing 20 to 30 revolvers per day, which made it very hard to remember individual guns or keep reliable records of when they were picked up by their owners. Sacco and Vanzetti were bound for the electric chair unless the defense could find new evidence. Marion Denman Frankfurter and Gardner Jackson, eds.. Whipple, Charles L., "A Reporter Illuminates Shady Evidence in Sacco-Vanzetti Testimony", Thomas, Jack, "A Story of Trickery Told Much Too Late,". Sacco seemed to many observers more incensed about Vanzetti's conviction than his own and Vanzetti--unlike Sacco--continued to passionately proclaim his innocence right up to his execution. [225] 'Sacco and Vanzetti' was also a popular brand of Russian pencil from 19302007. when they executed Sacco and Vanzetti on that day. [43] The presiding judge was Webster Thayer, who was already assigned to the court before this case was scheduled. Executing political opponents as political opponents after the fashion of Mussolini and Moscow we can understand, or bandits as bandits; but this business of trying and executing murderers as Reds, or Reds as murderers, seems to be a new and very frightening line for the courts of a State in the most powerful and civilized Union on earth to pursue. In Braintree, Massachusetts on the corner of French Avenue and Pearl Street, a memorial marks the site of the murders. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [167] Police blocked the route, which passed the State House, and at one point mourners and the police clashed. [157] On Sunday, August 21, more than 20,000 protesters assembled on Boston Common. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants. "[169] You are a great people. Numerous towns in Italy have streets named after Sacco and Vanzetti, including Via Sacco-Vanzetti in Torremaggiore, Sacco's home town; and Villafalletto, Vanzetti's. [141], In response to public protests that greeted the sentencing, Massachusetts Governor Alvan T. Fuller faced last-minute appeals to grant clemency to Sacco and Vanzetti. [25] Additionally, witnesses to the payroll shooting had described Berardelli as reaching for his gun on his hip when he was cut down by pistol fire from the robbers. [47], The trial began on June 22, 1920. I am suffering because I am a radical and indeed I am a radical; I have suffered because I was an Italian, and indeed I am an Italian; I have suffered more for my family and for my beloved than for myself; but I am so convinced to be right that if you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already. "[135], While Sacco was in the Norfolk County Jail, his seven-year-old son, Dante, would sometimes stand on the sidewalk outside the jail and play catch with his father by throwing a ball over the wall. More than a year earlier, on April 15, 1920, a paymaster and a payroll guard had been killed during a payroll heist in Braintree, Massachusetts, near Boston. See Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. Italian American anarchist duo executed by Massachusetts, Second appeal to the Supreme Judicial Court, Clemency appeal and the Governor's Advisory Committee. He submitted affidavits questioning Hamilton's credentials as well as his performance during the New York trial of Charles Stielow, in which Hamilton's testimony linking rifling marks to a bullet used to kill the victim nearly sent an innocent man to the electric chair. Two days later on September 16, 1920, Mario Buda allegedly orchestrated the Wall Street bombing, where a time-delay dynamite bomb packed with heavy iron sash-weights in a horse-drawn cart exploded, killing 38 people and wounding 134. [73], The prosecution claimed Vanzetti's .38 revolver had originally belonged to the slain Berardelli, and that it had been taken from his body during the robbery. [153], A defense attorney later noted ruefully that the release of the Committee's report "abruptly stilled the burgeoning doubts among the leaders of opinion in New England. [86] Differences arose when Moore tried to determine who had committed the Braintree crimes over objections from anarchists that he was doing the government's work. Many believed Sacco and Vanzetti guilty of only two things: foreign birth and radical beliefs. the judge said. Omissions? I'll show them. Their criticism, using words provided by Judge Grant,[152] was direct: "He ought not to have talked about the case off the bench, and doing so was a grave breach of judicial decorum." The prosecution countered with 26 affidavits. [211] The resulting "Report to the Governor in the Matter of Sacco and Vanzetti" detailed grounds for doubting that the trial was conducted fairly in the first instance, and argued as well that such doubts were only reinforced by "later-discovered or later-disclosed evidence. [21], The Slater-Morrill Shoe Company factory was located on Pearl Street in Braintree, Massachusetts. [203] In 1935, Captain Charles Van Amburgh, a key ballistics witness for the prosecution, wrote a six-part article on the case for a pulp detective magazine. In 1923, the defense filed an affidavit from a friend of the jury foreman, who swore that prior to the trial, the jury foreman had allegedly said of Sacco and Vanzetti, "Damn them, they ought to hang them anyway!" By 1923, bullet-comparison technology had improved somewhat, and Van Amburgh submitted photos of the bullets fired from Sacco's .32 Colt in support of the argument that they matched the bullet that killed Berardelli. Vanzetti was represented by brothers Jeremiah and Thomas McAnraney. As details of the trial and the men's suspected innocence became known, Sacco and Vanzetti became the center of one of the largest causes clbres in modern history. [189] Against charges of racism and racial prejudice, Paul Avrich and Brenda and James Lutz point out that both men were known anarchist members of a militant organization, members of which had been conducting a violent campaign of bombing and attempted assassinations, acts condemned by most Americans of all backgrounds. The other man, Frederick Parmentera paymaster who was unarmedwas shot twice:[24] once in the chest and a second time, fatally, in the back as he attempted to flee. Sacco worked as a skilled shoemaker and Vanzeti sold fish. [26], As the car was being driven away by Michael Codispoti, the robbers fired wildly at company workers nearby. After seven years of legal battles, Sacco and Vanzetti were executed just after midnight on August 23, 1927. Groff, B. [30], When Chief Stewart later arrived at the Coacci home, only Buda was living there, and when questioned, he said that Coacci owned a .32 Savage automatic pistol, which he kept in the kitchen. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The four men knew each other well; Buda would later refer to Sacco and Vanzetti as "the best friends I had in America". Hill. The self-employed Vanzetti had no such alibis and was charged for the attempted robbery and attempted murder in Bridgewater and the robbery and murder in the Braintree crimes. Three months later, bombs exploded in the New York City Subway, in a Philadelphia church, and at the home of the mayor of Baltimore. When searched by police, both denied owning any guns, but were found to be holding loaded pistols. [95] One motion, the so-called Hamilton-Proctor motion, involved the forensic ballistic evidence presented by the expert witnesses for the prosecution and defense. Twice during the last twenty-eight years, Francis Russell has written about Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti for American Heritage. 797799; also included in Young and Kaiser, pp. The guilt or innocence of these two Italians is not the issue that has excited the opinion of the world. Feb. 22, 1918: At the height of the Red Scare, the office of the Cronaca Sovversiva, an anarchist newspaper both Sacco and Vanzetti had written for and donated money to, is raided. The memorial has two exhibits. [66], In 1987, Charlie Whipple, a former Boston Globe editorial page editor, revealed a conversation that he had with Sergeant Edward J. Seibolt in 1937. Three died in Germany, and protesters in Johannesburg burned an American flag outside the American embassy. [89] In 1927, she and Felicani together recruited Gardner Jackson, a Boston Globe reporter from a wealthy family, to manage publicity and serve as a mediator between the Committee's anarchists and the growing number of supporters with more liberal political views, who included socialites, lawyers, and intellectuals.[90]. [76] To reinforce the conclusion that Berardelli had reclaimed his revolver from the repair shop, the prosecution called a witness who testified that he had seen Berardelli in possession of a .38 nickel-plated revolver the Saturday night before the Braintree robbery. Sacco was represented by Fred H. Moore and William J. Callahan. Elizabeth A. Brennan, Elizabeth C. Clarage, Ali Shehad Zaidi, "Powerful Compassion: The Strike At Syracuse," in, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Mussolini, Sacco-Vanzetti, and the Anarchists: The Transatlantic Context", "Sacco and Vanzetti Put to Death Early This Morning", "Chicago Anarchists Held in Poison Plot," February 14, 1916, "Sacco & Vanzetti: Investigation and arrest", Firearms Identification in the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, Louis Stark, "What Seven Years of Legal Struggle Have Developed," April 17, 1927, "Green Begs Fuller to Extend Clemency to Sacco," August 9, 1927, "Last Statement of Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 1929", "Ex-Judge Grant, Boston Novelist," May 20, 1940, "Judge Thayer Dies in Boston at 75," April 19, 1933, "Advisers Hold Guilt Shown," Aug. 7, 1927, "Sacco and Vanzetti: Murderers or martyrs? The clerk also remembered the date, April 15, 1920, but he refused to return to the United States to testify (a trip requiring two ship voyages), citing his ill health. The Winchester cartridge case was of a relatively obsolete cartridge loading, which had been discontinued from production some years earlier. He called it "a case like the Dreyfus case, by which the soul of a people is tested and displayed." Donald J. McClurg, "The Colorado Coal Strike of 1927 Tactical Leadership of the IWW,", Ehrmann provides the full record on the court's one-hour sentencing session, pp. "[147] In 1924, Thayer confronted a Massachusetts lawyer at Dartmouth, his alma mater, and said: "Did you see what I did with those anarchistic bastards the other day. He consistently spells the name Medeiros without explanation. [9] Before immigrating, according to a letter he sent while imprisoned, Sacco worked on his father's vineyard, often sleeping out in the field at night to prevent animals from destroying the crops. [91], The noted American author John Dos Passos joined the committee and wrote its 127-page official review of the case: Facing the Chair: Story of Americanization of Two Foreignborn Workmen. Sacco and Vanzetti, still maintaining their innocence, were executed on August 23, 1927. [18], Roberto Elia, a fellow New York printer and admitted anarchist,[19] was later deposed in the inquiry, and testified that Salsedo had committed suicide for fear of betraying the others. Young and Kaiser, pp. After arguing against the credibility of Medeiros, he addressed the defense claims against the federal government, saying the defense was suffering from "a new type of disease, a belief in the existence of something which in fact and truth has no such existence. But according to the HowStuffWorks podcast " Stuff You Missed in History Class ," the men were also involved in some unsavory activities. [51], The defense case went badly and Vanzetti did not testify in his own defense. [54] Another legal analysis of the case faulted the defense for not offering more to the jury by letting Vanzetti testify, concluding that by his remaining silent it "left the jury to decide between the eyewitnesses and the alibi witness without his aid. The 1935 article charged that prior to the discovery of the gun barrel switch, Albert Hamilton had tried to walk out of the courtroom with Sacco's gun but was stopped by Judge Thayer. [2] Even the Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini was convinced of their innocence and attempted to pressure American authorities to have them released. Sacco and Vanzetti, in full Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, defendants in a controversial murder trial in Massachusetts, U.S. (192127), that resulted in their executions. [25], The prosecution traced the history of Berardelli's .38 Harrington & Richardson (H&R) revolver. From Felix Frankfurter's account from The Atlantic Monthly article: Viewing the scene from a distance of from sixty to eighty feet, she saw a man previously unknown to her in a car traveling at the rate of from fifteen to eighteen miles per hour, and she saw him only for a distance of about thirty feetthat is to say, for from one and a half to three seconds. [66], The District Attorney's final piece of material evidence was a flop-eared cap claimed to have been Sacco's. After receiving death sentences they appealed for a new trial. On May 5 Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists who had immigrated to the United States in 1908, one a shoemaker and the other a fish peddler, were arrested for the crime. The hearses reached Forest Hills Cemetery where, after a brief eulogy, the bodies were cremated. Will H. Hays, head of the motion picture industry's umbrella organization, ordered all film of the funeral procession destroyed. Katzmann had a weak case, but convinced the jury the two were anarchist, which got them to be convicted Who was put in charge of the second trial? [127], Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, the target of two anarchist assassination attempts, quietly made inquiries through diplomatic channels and was prepared to ask Governor Fuller to commute the sentences if it appeared his request would be granted. The Sacco and Vanzetti case exposed the limits of American freedom because the two men were, as Italian immigrants, not just ethnically but racially marked by the Bostonians and because as anarchists they opposed the very idea of the nation-state. anarchists believed no government and were against the us government . [195], In 1941, anarchist leader Carlo Tresca, a member of the Sacco and Vanzetti Defense Committee, told Max Eastman, "Sacco was guilty but Vanzetti was innocent",[196] although it is clear from his statement that Tresca equated guilt only with the act of pulling the trigger, i.e., Vanzetti was not the principal triggerman in Tresca's view, but was an accomplice to Sacco. Some writers have claimed that Sacco was guilty but that Vanzetti was innocent. Defense attorney Moore radicalized and politicized the process by discussing Sacco and Vanzetti's anarchist beliefs, attempting to suggest that they were prosecuted primarily for their political beliefs and the trial was part of a government plan to stop the anarchist movement in the United States. For a brief biography of Jackson, see Brandeis University: Watson, pp. The same year the True Detective article was published, a study of ballistics in the case concluded, "what might have been almost indubitable evidence was in fact rendered more than useless by the bungling of the experts. [174] Afterward, Thayer lived permanently at his club in Boston, guarded 24 hours a day until his death on April 18, 1933. For many years there was much support for the belief . "[151], After two weeks of hearing witnesses and reviewing evidence, the Committee determined that the trial had been fair and a new trial was not warranted. "[125], Others who wrote to Fuller or signed petitions included Albert Einstein, George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Sacco and Vanzetti were anarchists, believing that social justice would come only through the destruction of governments. Controversy clouded the prosecution witnesses who identified Sacco as having been at the scene of the crime. 450458, For Vanzetti's complete statement to the court, from which this quotation is excerpted, see, Bortman, p. 60: "An East German scholar researching in the Soviet Union archives in 1958 discovered that the Communist Party had instigated these 'spontaneous demonstrations. [118], The Supreme Judicial Court denied the Medeiros appeal on April 5, 1927. [60] The defense raised only minor objections in an appeal that was not accepted. Radical pamphlets entitled "Plain Words" signed "The Anarchist Fighters" were found at the scene of this and several other midnight bombings that night. "[101][112], Three days later, the Boston Herald responded to Thayer's decision by reversing its longstanding position and calling for a new trial. Volume. "Judge Wyzanski Makes History: Sacco and Vanzetti Reconvicted", "Sinclair Letter Turns Out to Be Another Expose", "Sliming a Famous Muckraker: The Untold Story", "Massachusetts Admits Sacco-Vanzetti Injustice", "Governor Dukakis Discusses Impending Exoneration of Sacco and Vanzetti", "Sacco-Vanzetti Vote Reversed," August 16, 1977, Rick Collins, "Forgotten victims: Descendants say both were hard-working family men,", "A Moscow Railway Miscellany, Russia, 2010", "Malamut earns Eagle Scout ranking Jewish Journal", "The Wheels of Justice, Circa 1927, via a Robot and Herky-Jerky Puppets", "The Good Shoemaker and the Poor Fish Peddler", The Roger Reynolds Collection: List of Works, "Music: A Hell of a Noble Story," March 7, 1960, "Ben Shahn, 18981969: The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti, 193132", Brooks Atkinson, "'Winterset' and Mr. Anderson," October 6, 1935, "Kurt Vonnegut on Jailbird, His Watergate Novel", "Geary Recounts "The Lives of Sacco & Vanzetti", La marcia del dolore I funerali di Sacco e Vanzetti Una storia del Novecento, Sacco & Vanzetti (Cronologia Strumenti di ricerca), Boston: A Documentary Novel of the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair: America on Trial, The Sacco and Vanzetti Commemoration Society, Carol Vanderveer, "American Writers and the Sacco-Vanzetti Case", 2001, Sacco-Vanzetti Trial newspaper clippings, AprilNovember 1927, Citizens National Committee for Sacco-Vanzetti/Sacco-Vanzetti National League, The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti: A Critical Analysis for Lawyers and Laymen, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background, Deacons at First Church and Parish in Dedham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacco_and_Vanzetti&oldid=1149989018, 20th-century executions of American people, People convicted of murder by Massachusetts, People executed by Massachusetts by electric chair, Political repression in the United States, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2023, Articles with dead external links from April 2023, Articles with permanently dead external links, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2019, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, In 1999, People's Light & Theatre Company in.

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