normal thyroid lobe size

Acta Radiologica Diagnosis 25 (1984) Fasc 4. The thyroid produces hormones affecting the, . Thyroid nodules are classified as: Solitary (a single nodule). Pediatric thoracic aorta: Normal measurements determined with CT. Radiology 1987; 165:667-669 (Used with permission from author: awaiting permission from publisher). Minatec-BHT Bt 52, 7, parvis Louis Nel WebYour pituitary gland has two main parts, or lobes: the anterior (front) lobe and the posterior (back) lobe. This act may detect an overall volume increase, called a goiter, or a specific increased area, called a nodule. A2 = (0.629 x age) + 9.54 mm Abnormal colonic wall thickening on computed tomography. 1983; 58:352-354. Normal and abnormal pancreas in children: US studies. The thyroid controls those functions producing specific hormones:T4 (thyroxine)andT3 (triiodothyronine). (Used with permission from M.B. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 18. The normal size of a healthy thyroid gland is about 4 cm x 2 cm (roughly 1.5 inches x 0.8 inches). In accordance with the law, we inform you that this page is intended for health professionals. Small cysts are seen in more than 80% of patients older than 5 years of age (mean <7.5 mm). In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, de Kretser DM, et al, eds. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal At the time the article was last revised Daniel J Bell had Averages adapted from several investigators. Normal bronchi are not usually seen in the most peripheral 5 to 10 mm of the lung on CT2. In adults, normal total T4 levels are between 5.0 and 12.0g/dL (micrograms per deciliter). 9th World Symposium on Lymphedema Surgery, DAM ON NOVEMBER 10TH TO 12TH FRANKFURT (GERMANY), 4TH SYMPOSIUM ON PARATHYROID FLUORESCENCE ON FEBRUARY 25TH TO 26TH SAN FRANCISCO (USA), CAEK ON NOVEMBER 05TH TO 06TH 2021 ESSEN (GERMANY). In Siegel MJ. Borderline muscle thickness measurements are more likely to occur in premature infants than in term infants. 1982;142(1):121-5. Current Concepts in Body Imaging at the Millenium. The thymus is of a pinkish-grey color, soft, and lobulated on its surfaces. The left lobe averaged 13.74 mm (SD 3.91 mm). Thyroid volume measured by ultrasonography is slightly greater in men than women, increases with age and body weight, and decreases Measurements for the trachea showed a mean value of 19.97 mm (SD 2.37 mm). Clinical pediatric & adolescent endocrinology. Neonatal uterus:30% of neonatal uteri have a hypoechoic halo surrounding the endometrial canal, which is thought to represent the inner third of the myometrium, which is vascularly engorged1. Measurement of Testicular Volume. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Arch Dis Child. For normal thyroid, the right lobe (6.8 mL) was significantly larger than the left lobe (5.66 mL) ( P < 0.05). However, the size of the thyroid can vary depending on a number of factors, such as age, gender, and whether you have an underlying medical condition. We realize that many valuable items could have been overlooked. 8. Testicular volumes of adolescents. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us"}, Weerakkody Y, Bell D, Silverstone L, et al. 325-329. Please email OHSU Diagnostic Radiologywith any questions, concerns or possible edits. Emergency Radiology. WebThyroid Sonographic normal thyroid lobe measurements (cm) References Cole-Beuglet C. Ultrasonography of the thyroid, parathyroid and neck masses. Hence, a value is obtained that replaces clinical evaluation of volume. Raven Press, New York 1995, p 440-441, 458. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. The thymus can be seen on chest radiographs within 24 hours after birth, then becomes smaller after the age of 2 years. 1978, p 543), ID = internal diameter of chest at level of right hemidiaphragm Kuo W, Ciet P, Andrinopoulou ER, Chen Y, Pullens B, Garcia-Pea P, Fleck RJ, Paoletti M, McCartin M, Vermeulen F, Morana G, Lee EY, Tiddens HAWM; Normal Chest CT Study Group. Jose also worked as a Spanish interpreter at Doernbecher Children's Hospital and Oregon Health & Science University. 1992. Introduction. You should feel very little discomfort with this test. New York: Raven Press; 1986; 99-140. The two lobes lie on either side of your windpipe. This study has attempted to establish normal values for the pediatric thyroid gland volume. Practical Pediatric Imaging. Normal portal venous diameter in children. The normal and abnormal scrotum in children: evaluation with color doppler sonography. With the ellipsoid model, the height, width, and depth of each lobe are measured and multiplied. Pediatric Orthopedic Radiology. This is particularly true in pediatric radiology, where normal growth and development create a broader spectrum of normal values. Thyroid ultrasounds are becoming better and predicting whether a thyroid nodule is benign or is a cancer. 2006;26(2):335-48. A Your thyroid is about 2 inches long. The .gov means its official. W.B. A healthy thyroid usually does not stick out from your throat and you cant see it by looking at your neck. It is rarely seen after the age of 8 years 10. Standing lateral radiograph normal angles for, Measurement of the metaphyseal- diaphyseal angle for differentiation between physiologic bowing and tibia vara, External torsion of malleolar plane relative to proximal tibial condyles, Sonographic normal cerebral ventricle measurements by age. Increased thyroid volume can sometimes be noticed by the patient himself with a swelling neck. Your neck is stretched slightly. Desai RK, Tagliabue JR, Wegryn SA, Einstein DM. III. The value of this is limited if the femoral head is deformed or if the ossific center is small or eccentric. Ultrasonography of the pelvic organs in prepubertal and postpubertalgirls. The thyroid is a gland which has a fundamental role in the good functioning of the body system. Maximum weight of around 35g is achieved at puberty after which time it undergoes involution with progressive fatty replacement, reaching a weight of around 15g at 60 years of age. Surg Radiol Anat. Conclusion: Am J Dis Child. Pulmonary artery-bronchus ratios in patients with normal lungs, pulmonary vascular plethora, and congestive heart failure. In : Ultrasound annual. In source: Siegel MJ. Thyroid ultrasound is a sound wave picture of the thyroid gland taken by a hand-held instrument and translated to a 2-dimensional picture on a monitor. Case 6: normal quadrilateral appearance on CT 7 months old, Case 7: normal triangular thymus on CT 12 year old, View Yuranga Weerakkody's current disclosures, see full revision history and disclosures. 2006;34(5):504-14. Data in infants and young children obtained from supine films at 1.5m distance. The total volume of the thyroid gland was calculated as the sum of each lobe. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies MLD = greatest perpendicular diameter from midline to left heart border The authors of the initial project were Kryss Kojima MD, Robert Thomas MD, and Phillip Silberberg MD. A thyroid ultrasound is an imaging method to see the thyroid, a gland in the neck that regulates metabolism (the many processes that control the rate of activity in cells and tissues). Editorial team. 1992. p181. Measurements for the trachea showed a mean value of 19.97 mm (SD 2.37 mm). Radiology 1986; 160: 641-643. This production is managed by our orchestra leader of the bodys glands: As we said, the thyroid gland mainly functions with the help of, 2021 Fluoptics - All rights reserved - Last updated on Jun 30, 2021. J comput assist tomogr 1983. It is located at the base of the neck and measures 5 cm. The thyroid gland volumes were correlated What Abnormal Results Mean Abnormal results may be due to: Cysts (nodules filled with fluid) Enlargement of the thyroid gland ( goiter) Thyroid nodules Thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid (if a biopsy is done) Thyroid cancer (if a biopsy is done) Key: variable location: ectopic and/or accessory thymic tissue may be located anywhere along the path of descent of the thymopharyngeal ducts, e.g. Saunders 1993. p 183-186. Ann Roentgenol Vol 9. W.B. 14th ed. Ozonoff; publisher's permission requested), Caffey in Ozonoff MB. anteriorly: sternum, origins of the inferior strap muscles, posteriorly: pericardium, aortic arch, great vessels, left brachiocephalic vein,trachea, ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries, left brachiocephalic, internal thoracic and inferior thyroid veins, parasternal, brachiocephalic and tracheobronchial lymph nodes, sympathetic fibers entering with blood vessels that are vasomotor. Cedex 9 FRANCE Check for errors and try again. Baron R, Lee J, Sagel S, Peterson R. Computed Tomography of the Normal Thymus. Computed tomographic features of the normal canine thyroid gland. Involution occurs more rapidly in males. Anatomy for Diagnostic Imaging. There is no consensus about normal values for size variation with age. Lumbar lordosis is measured using the superior end plate of L1 and the inferior end plate of L5. A thyroid/trachea ratio was determined. It is a vital component of the immune system and plays a role in prevention of cancer 12, infection and autoimmunity 11. McGahan JP, Phillips HE, Cox KL. CS 20050, 38040 Grenoble Rosenberg HK, Markowitz RI, Kolbeg H, et al. Before Specifically, 72% of nodules 1.0 to 1.9 cm were classified benign; 67% of nodules 2.0 to 2.9 cm were classified benign; 65% of nodules 3.0 to 3.9 cm were classified benign; and 64% of nodules 4 cm were classified benign. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64:138-147. 2008 Jan-Feb;49(1):13-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00310.x. macrocysts (>9mm) may be seen in <20% of cystic ovaries. Tl : (561) 843 0220. The size of the normal thyroid gland is variable, but in adults, each lobe measures approximately 5 2 2 2021;43(1):45-64. 2012;81(11):3581-6. Reference Values for Central Airway Dimensions on CT Images of Children and Adolescents. The gland volume increases as infants and young children grow. Cohen HL, Tice HM, Mandel FS. 2011;197(1):W15-20. Above regression charts plot mean with 95% confidence limits. CT index = (MRD + MLD)/ID. Determining the Thyroid Gland Volume Causing Tracheal Compression: A Semiautomated 3D CT Volumetry Study. Eyring et al., 1965 in reference: Ozonoff MB. OHSU is an equal opportunity affirmative action institution. Han BK, Babcock DS. 3. It also can be done in a clinic. Thyroid. It is made up of two lobes - the right lobe and the left lobe, each about the size of a plum cut in half - and these two lobes are joined by a small bridge of thyroid tissue called the isthmus. WebThe right lobe averaged 15.05 mm (SD 3.51 mm). It can indicate something wrong by a simple lower neck palpation by the physician. The thyroid controls those functions producing specific hormones:. Pediatric Sonography. Solid. Age-Related Changes in the Thymus Gland: CT-Pathologic Correlation. 2019 May 16;55(5):143. doi: 10.3390/medicina55050143. There can be a wide variation in size between patients 3. (Used with permission from BMJ Publishing Group). * The radiographic visualization of the sinuses lags the actual gross appearance based on autopsy. Size of the heart in healthy children. *Measurement obtained in the coronal longitudinal plane, Normal adrenal gland size as a function of age, *ovarian volume = 0.523 x length x width x depth (ml) Radiographics. Bowel Loops. Dorfman RE, Alpern MB, Gross BH, Sandler MA. WebThe thyroid gland lies in the front of your neck in a position just below your Adams apple. AJR 1995; 164:905-909. Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 1986 and Schlesinger AE, Hernandez RJ. Reviewed by: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. But to ensure our organs have a good rhythm, the thyroid hormone amount must be controlled. Fluoptics Europe p. 307-308, Rundle AT, Sylvester PE. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Oppenheimer DA, Carroll BA, Yousem S. Sonography of the normal neonatal adrenal gland. Sonographic measurements and appearance of normal kidneys in children. It is defined as the distance measured from the medial edge of the femoral ossific nucleus (where it is broadest just above the growth plate) to the adjacent acetabular wall. Normal measurements of the thymus on CT: mean values, Sonographic normal thyroid lobe measurements (cm), Sonographic measurements of the normal pediatric gallbladder and biliary tract, Normal gallbladder measurements vs. age1, Normal sonographic common hepatic duct sizes vs. age1, Normal abdominal lymph nodes in adolescents and adults: CT, Normal pancreas size as a function of age (ultrasound)*, *Measured as maximum AP on transverse scan, The normal pancreatic duct is less than 2 mm in diameter Thoracic kyphosis is usually measured using the superior end plate of T3 and the inferior end plate of T12. Cystic (fluid-filled). A simple size anomaly can be detected on routine clinical examination. There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left lobe. In preterm infants, the thickness of the pyloric muscle relative to the rest of the stomach and the pyloric canal length is more important than the absolute muscle thickness. From side to side, the medial joint space of both hips should be within 1.5 mm of each other. MA 02138 USA Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 1999. p 263. Right-handed subjects (mean, 7.11 mL) had a significantly larger right lobe than left-handed subjects (mean, 5.82 mL) ( P < 0.05). It is relatively large in infancy (weighing 25 g at birth) andgrows considerably immediately after birth. 1992. p181. 1990. p. 330. The normal dimensions of thyroid gland in adult and pediatric groups are detailed in Semin Immunopathol. Am J Dis Child 35:791, 1928. no greater than 7mm for retropharyngeal soft tissues, no greater than 14mm for retrotracheal soft tissues, Hay PD, Jr. But even larger The left lobe averaged 13.74 mm (SD 3.91 mm). The newer version was accepted as a scientific exhibit at the International Pediatric Radiology Meeting in Paris, May 2001. AJR 1982; 139(3):497-499. The thymus (plural: thymi) is a lymphoid organ in the anterior mediastinum responsible for the production and maturation of T-cells until puberty. En poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site, vous acceptez lutilisation de Cookies pour raliser des statistiques de visites pour vous prsenter une offre en adquation avec vos besoins. They are monitored with regular blood tests during a pregnancy. Level B = 1 cm cranial to aortic root each lobe normally measures 4,9: length: 4-7 cm; depth: 1.3-2 cm; isthmus 0.5 cm deep; Thyroid volume can be estimated by measuring each lobe and applying the Saunders Company: Philadelphia. The test is often done in the ultrasound or radiology department. Hypothyroidism leads to hypometabolism (fatigue, weight gain, depression) as opposed to hyperthyroidism which results to hypermetabolism (insomnia, weight loss, hot flashes). Mesgarzadeh, M, Revesz G, Bonakdarpour K. Femoral neck torsion angle measurement by computed tomography. Pediatric Orthopedic Radiology. 2001-2023 Oregon Health & Science University. 5. WebIn general, the normal range for a TSH blood test is 0.5 to 5.0 mIU/L (milli-international units per liter). You have a growth on your thyroid gland, called a, The thyroid feels big or irregular, called a. Sample W, Lippe B, Gyepes M. Gray scale ultrasonography of the normal female pelvis. Accessibility Although every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and to ensure site security, of necessity we have relied on others to provide information. 7. Testicular volume during early infancy. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the WebThe right lobe averaged 15.05 mm (SD 3.51 mm). 49:861, 1935, Maresh MM, Washburn AH. Mosby Year Book: St. Louis. Raven Press: New York. 10. "Normal measurements in pediatric radiology" is being compiled by pediatric radiologists from several teaching hospitals across North America. Moore A, Korobkin M, Olanow W et al. However, this can vary from lab to lab and depending on certain factors, such as differentiating normal from hyperplastic thymus can be difficult and guidelines for making this distinction and verifying the presence of normal thymus include 5: absence of rounded soft-tissue masses >7 mm, absence of a convex contour of the thymus >19 years of age, absence of excessive thymic thickness (should be 1.3 cm when >20 years of age), absence of a diagnosis associated with thymic enlargement or hyperplasia,e.g. Saunders. Saunders Company: Philadelphia. Thyroid nodule size had no influence upon the distribution of cytology aspirates in each Bethesda category (P = .63). 2020;11:773. Pulse and heart rate. This material has previously been published in various journals and books; we have made every attempt to reproduce this information accurately and to cite references. A thyroid ultrasound is usually done when physical exam shows any of these findings: Ultrasound is also often used to guide the needle in biopsies of: A normal result will show that the thyroid has a normal size, shape, and position. WebNormal volume of the thyroid gland in children. Mosby Year Book: St. Louis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Each lobe has different functionality and different types of tissue. Retropharyngeal and retrotracheal soft tissues, Office of Civil Rights Investigations and Compliance, Changes gradually to medulla>cortex thickness Convex borders, Hyperechoic, loss of corticomedullary differentiation, Adult appearance Concave/straight margins, 70 (capsular arteries) 40 (central arteries). Curtin KR, Fitzgerald SW, Nemcek AA, Hoff FL, Vogelzang RL. However, certain conditions can cause your thyroid to become enlarged. Fluoptics USA The greatest transverse dimensions of the lobes and the transverse tracheal diameter were measured. Phillip Silberberg, MD These levels are influenced by many factors that affect protein levels in the body, including Normal necks (infants and children). A dysfunction of this gland can lead to many different complaints and symptoms. Since then, the list of co-authors of the project increased, with authorities who have published widely in the literature about pediatric radiology including all the major organ systems and imaging modalities. Roentgen ray studies. Radiographics 1991, Fisher JK. Radiology. AJR 1991; 157:119-121. The normal thyroid measures 5.0cms (length) x 1.1cms (A-P anteroposterior) X 1.4 cms (transverse TRV) and the abnormal thyroid measures 8.5cms (craniocaudad), by 3.9cms (A-P) by 4.8cms (transverse). Clinical findings were consistent with thyroiditis, with biochemical findings suggesting hypothyroidism. 1999. pp 204, 207, 219. Hypothyroidism is defined with a low thyroid hormones amount and a high TSH amount. Gross anatomy It is relatively large in infancy (weighing 25 g at birth) and grows considerably immediately after birth. WebVolumetric evaluation of the thyroid gland is based on the use of an ellipsoid model. We hope that the easy availability of this material will stimulate further investigation to broaden and clarify it. It is located at the base of the neck and measures 5 cm. J Pediatrics 1981; 99:742-743. 7th ed. Pediatric Orthopedic Radiology. Genetic factors also influence dependence upon thymus immunological function. *Body- Measured in a transaxial view from its lateral edge to the midline. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Pediatric Sonography. O'Keefe FN, Stansberry SD, Swischuk LE, Hayden CK Jr. Antropyloric muscle thickness at US in infants: what is normal? 1995. pp 438, Ivarsson S-A, Nilsson KO, Persson P-H. Ultrasonography of the pelvic organs in prepubertal and postpubertal girls. Bookshelf Radiographics. C = (0.559 x age) + 8.44 mm. Modified from Graf R, Schuler P. in Sonography of the infant hip: an atlas. Reference: Fitzgerald SW, Donaldson JS, Poznanski AK. Radiology 1990. To go further:How to detect thyroid cancer? 1983;141(2):241-6. WebThe volume of each lobe (V) was estimated, using a standard geometric formula: V = D1 x D2 x D3 x lambda/6. 6. **> 80% ovaries seen over age 5 years2. CT evaluation of wall thickening in the the alimentary tract. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 11. In other cases, the nodules can get big enough to cause problems. The gel may be cold. In France, the average Your health care provider can use these results and the results of other tests to direct your care. AJR 1992;158:613-617, Kaplan SA. Daniel WA Jr, Feinstein RA, Howard-Peebles P, et al. Am J Dis Child 56:33, 1938. Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE, Malagon V: Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. More than 90% of detected nodules in adults are noncancerous (benign), but they may represent thyroid cancer in approximately 4.0% to 6.5% of cases. Anti-thyroid medications. Involution occurs more rapidly in males. J Pediatrics 1982; 101:1010-1012. Blum M. Thyroid imaging. The body is functioning at a slower rhythm, the patient could be constipated, and gain weight. Tables modified and used with permission for this Website. 1. The thymus: reexaminatinon of age-related changes in size and shape. In the first three months of a pregnancy, the need for hormones is more important. We hope that this information will be useful to you but we urge you to exercise your own professional judgement in using the information we have provided. retrocaval, cervical, posterior mediastinal. p 175. Redman HC, Purdy PD, Miller GL, Rollins NK. A computer looks at the pattern that the sound waves create when bouncing back, and creates an image from them. 1. W.B. "Thymus" ultimately derives from the Greek word for the plant "thyme"("to offer/sacrifice"), presumably because the plant was burnt on altars. Tl : +33 438 782 878 J Peds Dec 1982:1010-1012 (Modified: Permission requested from publisher), *waveforms typically low resistance, high diastolic flow, lack of flow may be due to gain settings/high wall filter/high PRF etc, Atkinson GO, Patrick LE, Ball TI, et al. Siegel MJ. Lee DH, Cho KJ, Sun DI, Hwang SJ, Kim DK, Kim MS, Cho SH. Disclaimer: Neither OHSU nor any of its agents warrants the accuracy of the information in these tables. greater than 80% of girls 1 day to 24 months. Many thyroid ultrasound reports will now give each nodule a score and discuss the characteristics of the nodule that caused the score. (made on upright frontal view of chest at 72 inches during quiet breathing), (re-drawn from Caffey J. Pediatric X-ray Diagnosis. Results: This site is intended to allow the information to be accessible to any radiologist with internet access. Disclaimer. Bronchietasisis defined by a bronchus-to-artery ratio of >1.2 on chest radiographs1. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 2006 Mar;28(1):25-32. doi: 10.1007/s00276-005-0042-3. New York: Hoever, 1930, p22-8. J Comput Assist Tomogr. Measurements for the trachea showed a mean value of 19.97 mm (SD 2.37 mm). Pediatric Body CT. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia. Web(TR), and longitudinal (L) of each lobe, plus the AP mea-surement of the isthmus, without establishing an upper limit for a normal thyroid size in various age groups.8 As a result, there is a concern that some US radiologists may not be documenting whether the gland is enlarged. The initial project was presented as a scientific exhibit at the 1999 annual meeting of the Society for Pediatric Radiology. Marx A, Yamada Y, Simon-Keller K et al. less than 70% of girls between 2 and 12 years. Eur J Radiol. (Used with permission from M.B. Further investigations could be necessary to treat thyroid dysfunction. W.B. Weinreb J, Kumari S, Phillips G, Pochaczevsky R. Portal vein measurements by real-time sonography. variable shape: e.g. All illustrations, unless referenced to another work. (muscle thickness exaggerated for illustration). Normal ultrasonographic dimensions differ between children and adolescents/adults. It is used in diagnosis of tumors, cysts or goiters of the thyroid, and is a painless, no-risk procedure. Raven Press: New York. Copyright 2001. Siegel MJ. CT diagnosis of acute appendicitis: imaging findings. The normal size, or range of size, of the thyroid gland in adults is 2012;5(2):206-10. Salvatore D, Cohen R, Kopp PA, Larsen PR. It is defined as the angle formed by a line drawn through the center of the femoral head and the edge of the acetabulum and another line perpendicular to a line drawn through the center of the femoral heads. Siegel MJ, Pediatric Sonography, 2nd Ed. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. (Modified). The gland size depends on the weight, body type, age, iodine diet and geographical origin of each person. Ozonoff; publisher's permission requested). NOTE: PRETERM INFANTS. Cohen HL, Shapiro MA, Mandel FS, Shapiro ML. After fibrofatty atrophy, the thymus can grow back at any time in life, particularly after periods of stress. 1. Atlas of Ultrasound Measurements. The transducer gives off sound waves. Diagnostic ultrasound: text and cases. Sagittal plane: posterior inferior wall (away from rectum), Haken berg OW, Ryall RL, Langlois SL, et al: The estimation of bladder volume by sonocystography. This measurement is best made on the frog-lateral projection. Orsini LF, Salardi S, Pilu G, et al. typically relatively homogeneous background echogenicity similar to or slightly less than that of the liver and spleen, with scattered hyperechoic foci resembling a starry sky, its shape can be affected/distorted by cardiac pulsations and respiratory motion as it is soft and pliable and should not compress or displace adjacent structures, typically uniformly soft tissue density, approximately 80 HU and isoattenuating to surrounding muscle, smooth outline with convex borders in childhood, triangular in adulthood, usually measures less than 1 cm in diameter 10, small blood vessels may be seen traversing it, typically demonstrates chemical shift artefact between in and out of phase images.

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