how many fake vietnam veterans are there
how many fake vietnam veterans are there
There have been hundreds of fakers exposed in the press in the Once you start getting away with it, then I think you get more emboldened. 10/05/2017 by militaryphonies. Very few of those guys were real veterans, but it's automatic and it's photogenic. Along the way, Burkett has picked up a few enemies: "There had been some threats, and the brokers and secretaries were afraid of being killed, so they moved me way down the hall to this office." Slessler said many of the imposters he sees suffer from 'survivor guilt.' Williams was said to be 117 years old at his death in 1959 in Houston, Texas. authentic though I suspect the number is close to accurate. But I know this didnt just occur starting with the modern wars. But we aren't going to discuss this with the news media,' he said. claiming Vietnam service who were not there and that there are many claiming "What he is trying to do, at considerable risk to himself, is to say that this service means something, and by letting just anyone stand up and claim these honors, you're diminishing the real value of those who did serve. Burkett was able to prove that Yandle had never been in combat. You can read about this here:http://www.war-stories.com/research-hanson-historical-reflections-2000.htmWhat this does demonstrate is that a minority of men and women who were in the military during the Vietnam era were actually deployed into the combat arena. The Pentagon has no definitive list on who was a POW or even an estimate on how many Americans were in combat. In 1995, Burkett helped an Oregon newspaper uncover Republican U.S. Rep. Wes Cooley's false claims of Army service in the Korean War. The Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D. C. Photo copyright by Kevin Randle. I would think of as reliable sources except I do not have copies of either For further reading, William McMichael recommends: Stolen Valor: How the Vietnam Generation Was Robbed of Its Heroes and Its History, by B.G. According to research by historian William Marvel, published in a 1991 issue of Blue and Gray, Williams would have been too young to have served in the war. address this in a comment rather than a new post so not to annoy those of you "In every statistical category that we looked at," he says, "Vietnam veterans were superlative -- their desertion and court martial rates were much lower (than in prior wars) -- and when I started looking at individual cases, I'd find vets who were valedictorians or football stars. I could not believe it. You know, you could get yourself a sword and say, Hey, Im home from starving in the Mideast with the Crusaders.. Bill Williamson US Army Vietnam Veteran, Blog of shame. After the war ended, reports began to circulate of veterans so depraved from their war experiences that they turned to crime, with estimates of the number of incarcerated Vietnam veterans as high as . Oddly, his charitable endeavors included involvement with local Vietnam veterans groups, which ended in 1994 when he disappeared, only to resurface years later as a con man. This alone falsifies the claim that the Census data shows 10 million fake Vietnam vets.The ONLY possible evidence in Census data I have found of POSSIBLE fakery was the 2000 Census, which found 8.4 million saying they were Vietnam ERA vets out of the actual 8.7 million figure of the Pentagon. Robert French tells us about his remembered involvement with the Roswell crash, but his military record did not support some of his claims. In 2007 the project listed 49 Medal of Honor recipients on its Web site. That came from everybody. Too good to be true! Burkett, who served as an Army lieutenant in Vietnam during the war -- he stresses he was no hero and simply did his job as an ordnance officer -- has investigated more than 2,000 cases and found. What did you do?, I was in the Army, the voice replied. Without is in agreement that there were only , 1,713,823 Moskos, now 65, comes from a 1950s generation of young men to whom military service was a given. ALL STATISTICSHAVE NOT BEEN VERIFIEDOR FACT 'It pretty difficult to fabricate a war history because it is relatively easy for someone who was there to see through it,' says Blank. So were 47 claiming to have earned service crosses. But in a broader sense, DePaulo said, people lie for the same reasons, no matter what they claim to be. There were an estimated 58,318 U.S. soldier casualties alone. Take John M. Iannone, a Pittburgh- area oilman whom family members said had it all and was even more admired for his extensive community service. 'Some are desperate. veterans of which according to other sources, about 2.7 actually served in The By fits and starts, Burkett learned how to investigate. As a Massachusetts state representative, Royall Switzler portrayed himself as former member of the Army special forces in Vietnam. David, David, David I tried to end this diplomatically but you just cant let it go. Burkett candidly admits he's not a writer. There have been cases too, such as with Maughn, where once a vet gets a copy of his form, he doctors it to show combat service. I found out quickly IF I listed military service, early on for jobs, I did not get the job!Its only since 9/11, that I did start seeing 'Nam unit hats!When I see one or a bumper sticker & the vast majority seem to be genuine. REALITY: Johnson -- whose public mea culpa last November was too recent to be included in Burkett's book -- never served in Vietnam and never saw combat. The 2000 census site at www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/censusatlas/pdf/12_military-service.pdf shows the claims rose to 8.4 million Vietnam era Vets. For years, before the Yandle campaign and during it, Burkett had been quietly doing research for a book on phony Vietnam veterans. But other men (and women) I've run into over the past 4 decades, thousands of them, have mentioned nothing about being Vietnam vets. Or, in other words, the census did contain some of the information reported and as I said, this, the wording of it, is confusing But Beatons statistics were based on more than just the census. Burkett might be accused of hyperbole had he not spent the past 25 years uncovering military fakers, often working with authorities whove come to view him as the real authority. what I think happened. Nothing had changed, and I saw that the damned press and the public believes this bull--. Whitley, 43, is of a generation that, as she said, learned about the war largely through their TV sets. You can find the figures here:https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf Using both the census and the DoD numbers, Navy Captain Scott Beaton conducted a survey for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund. Torres came back Monday with a U.S. birth certificate it was fake, but for a good cause, he thought. McCarthy claimed to have been a combat tail gunner in World War II. I run into far more than my share of World War II fakers, said Sterner. used seem to have been gleaned from this 1995 census and it seems that everyone An Oregon newspaper learned that Cooley hadnt finished training until nearly a month after the signing of the 1953 armistice. Because of the homecoming we got I never brought up Vietnam let alone wore a hat with Vietnam vet on it. As I say again, the alleged 10+ million Vietnam vet fakers figure, promoted by various Vet organizations and publications, has absolutely no basis in fact, no actual documentation anywhere to support it, certainly not any ACTUAL Census report that has been cited repeatedly as a reference. Steph Curry killed off the Kings with a smile, On an island of resorts, this Hawaii hotel is the budget option, Des Linden unveils new book, shares race day must-haves, Why every Californian needs an air quality monitor, Things to do in Napa Valley during Bottlerock, plus hotels, Your Privacy Choices (Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads). The increase in their ranks in recent years corresponds with a positive shift in public sentiment about Vietnam vets and a wave of books, television shows and movies about the war, such as the motion picture 'Platoon. Burkett verified that the movie tough guy was indeed a former Marine but had been discharged in 1963, before any Marines were sent to Vietnam. I dont know what stopped me, but I heard myself saying the words, Too good to be true, and decided to call the Ranger headquarters at Fort Benning, Georgia. Someone Many weren't even the military. He had served time in Georgia for auto theft. The project, it would turn out, had a profound effect on her. Burkett also exposed actor Brian Dennehy's phony claims, in various interviews, of having been wounded as a Marine in Vietnam. But he'd like it if some of this eased up. CHECKED. He also had claimed recon In 1983, as the Vietnam Veterans of America was gaining prominence, it was disclosed that one of its spokesman was a fake ex-POW. Some individuals who do this also wear privately obtained uniforms or medals which were never officially . 'Some claim to be vets just out of a need to be macho.'. bio to reflect his service in the Vietnam era and before anyone says much If that was closer to the true figure, then the 200,000 fakers evaporate.Having found maybe a few thousand fakers is a VERY, VERY LONG way (by a factor of at least one thousand) from the 10+ million claimed in the "Stolen Valor" book, allegedly based on Census data, and endlessly repeated in multiple vet publications, including the websites you linked to. He wasnt a Vietnam veteran, Burkett said. He apparently fabricated documents claiming hed been awarded the Medal of Honor during his Vietnam War service. (military occupational specialty)," says Charles Moskos, a Northwestern University professor who specializes in military sociology. For the past three years, Burkett has worked behind the scenes with the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of the Inspector General on Operation Stolen Valor, aimed at uncovering people in the Pacific Northwest whove fabricated military service in order to obtain VA benefits. Some are just shysters,' he said. Heres I am an in-country Vietnam vet. I don't need to pretend to be some super secret squirrel sniper badass force recon dude. And, oh by the way, a Purple Heart and a few other honors earned. But his fans think he's on to something. His was the classic story, embraced and portrayed by the media in endless permutations until it became the stuff of legend. How Many Vietnam War Veterans Are Still Alive? who couldnt care less and to avoid another long and drawn out but rather pointless Everybody else I know who said they served in Vietnam actually served there. Overall, about 3.5 million Americans served in Southeast Asia during the war. copies of the VFW magazine or the ROA magazine so that we can see if they In 1999, Donald R. Nicholson, the police chief of Amelia, Missouri, in the 1980s, admitted that he had lied about being a Vietnam veteran and a prisoner of war to obtain better veterans benefits. This office is the working headquarters of a guy who invests other people's millions in the stock market -- and it's his commissions that help bankroll his singular crusade. count, the number of Americans falsely claiming to have served in-country was: To date, he says (and a check of court records appears to confirm it), nobody has sued him over the book. People are impressed. with the Bronze Star Medal for actions during my tour in Iraq and I have the It was much easier to do before. My newspaper, the Daily Press of Newport News, Virginia, published an open invitation for those who had taken part in the grand and awful amphibious assault to contact us and share their stories. connection to a census though the connection is not identified. The news must have been slow that day, because the reenactment was the lead story. How many fake Vietnam veterans are there? The branch insignia: The branch insignias should match. DURING THIS CENSUS COUNT, the number of Americans falsely claiming to have served in-country is: 13,853,027. [2] [3] [4] This includes claims by people that have never been in the military as well as lies or embellishments by genuine veterans. In fact, he had been assigned as a supply clerk in a Marine brigade on Okinawa, Japan. That in no way suggests dismissing most Roswell witnesses. I think I have finally unraveled the great Vietnam Veteran impostors statistics. I said that this provided an insight into those who claimed inside knowledge of Roswell. I have found references that suggest the number came from the Veterans of Claims/Comments; Bill Williamson from Maitland, Florida arose the suspiciousness of a Red Cross Photographer who was assigned to Vietnam in 1967. might have found, in those census figures somewhere, a report that suggested 12 In short order, photographer Ken Lyons and I were sitting in the fellows sun-splashed back yard. much of this other than there were 2.7 million service members who were actually in Vietnam and that about 8.5 million served during the Vietnam era. I did (it) when I was young and stupid - to impress people.". Vietnam War veterans, and their families, are being invited to this event to be held at the National Mall on May 11, 12, and 13. Between March 1, 2008, and Feb. 25, 2009, the VA investigated 96 cases of stolen valor fraud, according to James ONeill, assistant inspector general for investigations. All you need to do is look at the numbers he supplies and his agenda is sort of like mine it annoys me that the fakers are out there spouting their nonsense. In this, he resembles the fake Vietnam vets, whose stories more often concern harm suffered and witnessed than bravery proven. Additionally, the American War Library approximated that around 164,000 Americans who served at . All too often, these suffering "veterans" never set foot in Vietnam and yet, the images they offer have permanently shaped the way Americans view soldiers from this war: As slovenly,. ', 'For years, Vietnam vets were portrayed as crazies. They got in the door with computer-generated or -altered discharge papers known as DD 214 forms. There are no firm estimates on the number of fake combat vets. The suspicion, however, is that it has probably been around as long as people have been on the planet. Aren't those the guys who are unemployed and on drugs? I don't think this matter to anyone but us anyway. In 2000, upon hearing that the Library of Congress had launched its Veterans History Project, Burkett asked administrators if they were verifying any of the vets records. According to federal law, the United States' military involvement in the Vietnam War began in February 1961 and lasted until May 1975. William Weld, that Yandle was fit to be released. I cant find good numbers on Nor was his name actually Daubmann; it was Karl Hummel, and hed taken his new name from a passport retrieved from an old uniform hed bought. Nor has military fakery been limited to Americans. Some records burned; those that survived give no hint that he ever left the United States. According to an estimate by the New York Times, there were 8.4 million Vietnam veterans who were still alive in the year 2000.Of those, 1.1 million had passed away.It was also estimated that there will be a total of 138,000 Vietnam veterans who will pass away every year from this point forward.Editorial note from the administrator of the website: One said he was a doorgunner on a helicopter but didn't know the basic nomenclature, didn't seem to understand the tactics and was a little vague on the units to which he had been assigned. Another at a Veterans Day celebration couldn't identify where he had served other than up north somewhere and seemed unfamiliar with the tactics employed. Between March 1, 2008, and Feb. 25, 2009, the VA investigated 96 cases of "stolen valor" fraud, according to James O'Neill, assistant inspector general for investigations. People want to be a certain kind of person they only wish they could be. Vietnam Veterans represent the largest cohort of American Veterans in . David Rudiak was right about Probably wouldn't sell more than 2,000.". Maybe creating phony statistics on nonexistent vet imposters was designed to get vets understandably angry so they would send their hard-earned money to scam vet charities like the VVF. John Martin, a volunteer at at a make-shift POW information center in Washington, D.C., near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, figures he has seen a half-dozen pretenders in the past month alone. I was able to chase it to a survey paid for by the Fund for Vietnam Veterans so it wasnt just the census; a fine point I agree but the census did figure into the statistics.So we can continue this no we cant because Im not going to play anymore. A Commentary on UFOs, Paranormal events, and related topics. I explained that given the way some of this was explained on the various sites was somewhat misleading and I was mislead, but you have nothing to prove that it is wrong other than your own beliefs. Most imposters have no real military knowledge, so they make silly mistakes like wearing an Army patch on the left pocket and a Navy edge on the left sleeve. Here Id called him on his lie, and he had the gumptionthe beliefthe desire to somehow lie again, as if by lying many mines, the lie would turn true. an email address so they might have been there and I therefore did not find the Im a retired Marine of 25 years, Alvarez told the attendees. Marshal Hanson, USNR (Ret.) pictures to prove it. They shouldn't bother. ", In the military, the book has become something of a cult classic, according to Army Capt. His words were recorded. Darrow 'Duke' Tully resigned as publisher of the Arizona Republic and Phoenix Gazette newspapers 18 months ago after it was revealed that his claims of having been a combat pilot in Vietnam and Korean wars were false. You're a person of value," says B. G. "Jug" Burkett, a Vietnam veteran who was the first to expose military imposters in a systematic way, and who coined the term stolen valor. These Burkett's quest for that evidence started in 1986, when he was asked to help raise funds from private donors for the Texas Vietnam Veterans Memorial. An archive compiled by a national prisoner-of-war. This is well within the range of possibility. Natural attrition through mortality should have reduced the number to around 8.2 million surviving Vietnam era vets. Instead the standard Census question on the long form is whether somebody has ever been active duty military and lists multiple war and peace eras, including the Vietnam era from 1964-1975. To subscribe, click here. Foreign Wars (VFW) magazine and from the Reserve Officers Association magazine which Why bother to be a faker unless you are going to brag about it to people you meet? I asked the spokesman if he had a unit roster of some sort. Here are some notable tales, along with the less glamorous versions found by Burkett: REALITY: He spent the war behind a desk as an intelligence officer, was "wounded" when he got drunk at a party, fell down a ladder and broke his leg. Kristofer Goldsmith, the former chief investigator for the Vietnam Veterans of America, spent years researching how disinformation - including Pro-Trump propaganda - has targeted veterans. Case in point, and perhaps the one for which Burkett is best known: In the early 1990s, Joseph Yandle, a man serving life without parole in Massachusetts for his part in a murder-robbery, began a campaign, soon picked up by the Boston Globe, to have his sentence commuted. Their personal income exceeds that of our non-veteran age group by more than 18 percent. More than a few 20th century men tried to pass themselves off as the last surviving veterans of the Civil War. that in the 2000 census the number had jumped to 14 million, but again, this But experts say the figure, whatever it might be, is small compared to the tens of thousands of ex-warriors who still suffer emotional wounds from Vietnam and who would rather not even talk about the war. You have extrapolated meaning into somewhat innocuous sentences. Same for number of active duty personnel during this period (in No. It is headed by Bob Castagna of Talent, Ore., whose been accused of being a bogus combat vet himself. Members of chapter 239 of the Vietnam Veterans of America rushed to his aid. You took part in one of the greatest assaults in U.S. military history?. I personally believe there are as many American males claiming military service falsely as there are living veterans in America, said B.G. Some of the statistics being On the other side of the coin the VA on their site www.va.gov/vetdata/veteran_population.asp offers a Excel worksheet that shows only 6,673,279 Vietnam era vets believed still living as of 2014. He deployed to Iraq, near Fallujah, in 2009. SF tourists go in droves to In-N-Out. He does claim an "FBI study" "a few years ago" estimated 300 fakers for every real living Seal. So now I had a purpose and a system and I decided I was going to create a book, so I started researching the gaps.". Thats not true. Former Army Corporal Richard McClanahan, 29, cuts a dashing figure in his dress uniform and jaunty beret. Census is not something that I was able to do. Dennehy did play football for a Corps team on Okinawa, Burkett reported. Now, they are being seen as heroes,' said Dr. Betsy Tolstedt of the Veteran Administration's outreach clinic in Chicago. But the Stolen Valor claim is itself a fraud perpetrated on the public.By some estimates, 4-5% of the population in general are sociopathic liars. (I wondered about this because it made no sense to me He also claimed the Medal of Honor. Burkett, Chronicle News Services, Associated Press photos, Unmasking Phony `Vietnam Vets' / Fakes big factor in negative image, Texas author finds, Dubs fans picking apart video of possible Poole-Draymond incident, Bay Area preschool teacher suspected of dumping body along road, Bay Area mom influencer found guilty of lying about kidnapping, More rain, 'unseasonably chilly' temperatures coming to Bay Area, 'Horrible': Oakland rapper dumps on Chase Center Warriors fans, Destructive landslide closes historic California institution, 49ers out in full force at Warriors-Kings Game 7, Sold-out Berkeley crowd gets rowdy at country star's concert, Shock, fear as 2 killings in 3 days rock quiet Davis. Castagna was quoted by the newspaper as saying the records were in error and that he was even wounded in battle. During the war, more than 58,000 servicemen and women lost their lives. So it becomes Moreover, 30-50% of those meeting criteria for PTSD had mild . David Rudiak was right about that. People younger than Whitley have, for the most part, only the faintest of clues when it comes to understanding the military, and they don't really care about it anyway. "Man, I was scared to death. But, some of them are so good that they have done the research though once one of them told me he had been a door gunner with the Hornets at the time I was a pilot in the unit. Last year, he dropped out of the state's gubernatorial race, admitting he never got closer to Vietnam than peacetime Korea. 'My pretense took on a life of its own and almost became real. They are NOT to be used for official government findings designed to serve as a convenient volume for statistical reference, and as a The Medford Mail Tribune, in Medford, Ore., reported in Maythat Castagna has claimed to have fought in Vietnam, but that his military records show he served in Japan. (He is in constant demand as a speaker and recently gave a seminar to wide-eyed FBI agents who apparently had had little experience rummaging through the labyrinth of decades-old military records.). 'In Vietnam, it just took longer to emerge.'. When his unit came home and started gearing up. I wish a month of my pay could afford a new basic Rolex.. (not the specialty models like this guy could afford). 'It's some sort of marginal, internal footnote to the Vietnam experience,' said Dr. Arthur Blank, director of the VA's Vietnam Vet Center program, which operates 188 counseling clinics nationwide. There is no hard count of how many people have lied about their military service, but one of the best sources on the topic thinks the number is in the millions. some study that ran parallel to the census. 1999-08-13 04:00:00 PDT Dallas -- Jug Burkett's cozy office high up in a big glass-and- steel tower looks more like the cluttered, haphazard digs of a college professor than the lair of a successful stockbroker. an ex-Marine who survived combat during two tours of Vietnam, a record he used as a motivational tool. Regardless of what they thought of you before, theres suddenly more substance to you., The lie often starts modestly, Burkett said. Im not sure why this has become such an issue here but I not SEALs. After one local vagrant killed a policeman, the next days headline read, VIETNAM VETERAN GOES BERSERK. Records showed the actor had spent his 1959-63 stint as a peacetime Marine, playing football for the Corps on Okinawa. For a very long time I couldn't summon up the courage to stop it. But mistakes have been made. One of the best-known examples was Walter Williams, who claimed to have served in the Confederate army under Gen. John Bell Hood. to an Illinois judge who claimed he had been awarded the Medal of Honor though he A long time ago, I had at least one case of a World War I guy, claiming a Medal of Honor that hed received.. Sources: "Stolen Valor" by B.G. With the Pentagon Papers revelations, the U.S. public's trust in the government was forever diminished. Back in 1987, I was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. Yandle said he was at the infamous 1968 siege at Khe Sanh, surrounded and attacked for 77 days. 'A lot of them are groupies. Really?As for another claimed but phony reference used by vet websites, the Census Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1995, that allegedly has that 13+ million Vietnam veterans statistic, that Census Report can be found here:www.census.gov/library/publications/1995/compendia/statab/115ed.htmlThis provides a link to Section 11 pertaining to military and veteran statistics:www2.census.gov/library/publications/1995/compendia/statab/115ed/tables/defense.pdfWhere, AGAIN, nowhere can be found anything like 13 or 14 million people that allegedly the U.S. Census documented people saying they were Vietnam Vets. According to the American War Library, as of February 28, 2019, it is estimated that approximately 610,000 Americans who served in land forces during the Vietnam War or in air missions over Vietnam between 1954 and 1975 are still alive to this day. I myself have met over a hundred "Navy Seals". Don Shipley at his SEALs website The result is that for more than 25 years, many Americans have thought of Viet vets as jobless, homeless, addicted, suicidal or deranged "victim-heroes.". (Video) A Vietnam Vet. There are many sites devoted to Stolen Valor which had exposed thousands By Elizabeth Becker . I did provide some information from reliable sources about the large number of fakers and all you need to do is type Stolen Valor into your search engines and you'll find name after name.Shipley's web site and other sources supports the idea that there are, literally, thousands claiming to be SEALs who were not. It's not as widespread as it was the first 10-30 years immediately after the war,its still out there. think I have been able to deduce what has happened. It's a touching tribute to all Vietnam veterans, their families and supporters.The Vietnam Memorial Wall arrived in Kernersville Thursday and will remain there until May 1.Those who got an up . There is no question that there are a large number of them including women who talk about their combat roles and even how they had been POWs. Yep, that was my outfit, he said. Is this evidence of ~200,000 fakers, or is there some other explanation, such as how you define active duty military personnel? There are literally millions of them.You can reject, out of hand, the 13 million figure and the military web sites that use it, but I have traced it to its point of origin which was a survey conducted by The Vietnam Veterans Fund and by Captain Scott Beaton so that we have a good source on it. I then told him what Id learned and asked, Did you lie to me?, In a voice that suddenly sounded creaky and 10 years older yet sort of childlike, as though fearing a reprimand he replied, slowly, Yes.. 576 (p. 15) has the number of Vietnam era vets as of 1994, listed as 8.246 million. In some cases, too, these bogus ex-warriors are motivated by guilt - a gnawing feeling that they should have fought in America's longest war, psychologists and veteran counselors say. REALITY: Yandle did serve in the Marine Corps but never received combat medals and was never in Vietnam. Well-known actor Brian Dennehy often shared stories of his service with the Marines in Vietnam. As for phony Vietnam veterans, I still meet them all the time. I did not look at those sites that required registration, a fee or The universal attitude was, 'Why should we give money for these bums?' Retired Burkett, author of the acclaimed 1998 expos Stolen Valor: How the Vietnam Generation Was Robbed of its Heroes and its History. Thats a big number approximately 23.6 million. The same vet websites Kevin links to also give a ~9.1 million figure for "military personnel served on active duty during the Vietnam Era." support it. "I lied about serving in Vietnam and I'm sorry," he told Globe magazine this year. 87% of Americans hold Vietnam Veterans in high esteem. Like many people who had never served in the military -- a growing number in this country, given that the draft ended on June 30, 1973 -- Whitley had only a vague and disconnected notion of a war in Southeast Asia that was tearing the nation apart when she was growing up. Although it was said that no reputable site had posted Someone says, Hey, Joe, youre of the age for Vietnam. Stolen Valor. I was thinking, Theres something wrong here.. ", Burkett has found, to put it simply, that most of these men are frauds and that their fraudulent claims have been swallowed whole, and without question, by reputable news organizations, politicians, generals, police departments and federal agencies, all willing -- depending on the case at hand -- to free someone from prison, offer them veterans benefits or simply go easy on them when they land in trouble.
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